vasilito
facf0c92e0
Red Bear OS is a full fork. All sources must be available from git clone with zero network access. Removed gitignore rules that excluded fetched source trees under recipes/*/source/, local/recipes/kde/*/source/, local/recipes/qt/*/source/, and vendor source trees. Build artifacts (target/, build/, source.tar, *.o, *.so) remain excluded. 127291 files added — kernel, relibc, base, bootloader, pkgar, all KDE/Qt frameworks, mesa, wayland, DRM drivers, and every other recipe source.
600 lines
21 KiB
HTML
600 lines
21 KiB
HTML
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<!-- Created on February, 21 2024 by texi2html 1.78a -->
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<head>
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<title>GNU gettext utilities: 16. Other Data Formats</title>
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<meta name="description" content="GNU gettext utilities: 16. Other Data Formats">
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<meta name="keywords" content="GNU gettext utilities: 16. Other Data Formats">
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</head>
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<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_15.html#SEC263" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_17.html#SEC364" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_toc.html#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_21.html#SEC389" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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</tr></table>
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<hr size="2">
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<a name="Data-Formats"></a>
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<a name="SEC340"></a>
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<h1 class="chapter"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC333">16. Other Data Formats</a> </h1>
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<p>While the GNU gettext tools deal mainly with POT and PO files, they can
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also manipulate a couple of other data formats.
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</p>
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<a name="Internationalizable-Data"></a>
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<a name="SEC341"></a>
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<h2 class="section"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC334">16.1 Internationalizable Data Formats</a> </h2>
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<p>Here is a list of other data formats which can be internationalized
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using GNU gettext.
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</p>
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<a name="POT"></a>
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<a name="SEC342"></a>
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<h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC335">16.1.1 POT - Portable Object Template</a> </h3>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> RPMs</dt>
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<dd><p>gettext
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> Ubuntu packages</dt>
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<dd><p>gettext
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>pot</code>, <code>po</code>
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> Extractor</dt>
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<dd><p><code>xgettext</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="RST"></a>
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<a name="SEC343"></a>
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<h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC336">16.1.2 Resource String Table</a> </h3>
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<p>RST is the format of resource string table files of the Free Pascal compiler
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versions older than 3.0.0. RSJ is the new format of resource string table
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files, created by the Free Pascal compiler version 3.0.0 or newer.
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> RPMs</dt>
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<dd><p>fpk
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> Ubuntu packages</dt>
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<dd><p>fp-compiler
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>rst</code>, <code>rsj</code>
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> Extractor</dt>
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<dd><p><code>xgettext</code>, <code>rstconv</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="Glade"></a>
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<a name="SEC344"></a>
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<h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC337">16.1.3 Glade - GNOME user interface description</a> </h3>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> RPMs</dt>
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<dd><p>glade, libglade, glade2, libglade2, intltool
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> Ubuntu packages</dt>
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<dd><p>glade, libglade2-dev, intltool
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>glade</code>, <code>glade2</code>, <code>ui</code>
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> Extractor</dt>
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<dd><p><code>xgettext</code>, <code>libglade-xgettext</code>, <code>xml-i18n-extract</code>, <code>intltool-extract</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="GSettings"></a>
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<a name="SEC345"></a>
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<h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC338">16.1.4 GSettings - GNOME user configuration schema</a> </h3>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> RPMs</dt>
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<dd><p>glib2
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> Ubuntu packages</dt>
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<dd><p>libglib2.0-dev
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>gschema.xml</code>
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> Extractor</dt>
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<dd><p><code>xgettext</code>, <code>intltool-extract</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="AppData"></a>
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<a name="SEC346"></a>
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<h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC339">16.1.5 AppData - freedesktop.org application description</a> </h3>
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<p>This file format is specified in
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<a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/appstream/docs/">https://www.freedesktop.org/software/appstream/docs/</a>.
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> RPMs</dt>
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<dd><p>appdata-tools, appstream, libappstream-glib, libappstream-glib-builder
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> Ubuntu packages</dt>
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<dd><p>appdata-tools, appstream, libappstream-glib-dev
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>appdata.xml</code>, <code>metainfo.xml</code>
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> Extractor</dt>
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<dd><p><code>xgettext</code>, <code>intltool-extract</code>, <code>itstool</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="Preparing-ITS-Rules"></a>
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<a name="SEC347"></a>
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<h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC340">16.1.6 Preparing Rules for XML Internationalization</a> </h3>
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<p>Marking translatable strings in an XML file is done through a separate
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"rule" file, making use of the Internationalization Tag Set standard
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(ITS, <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/its20/">https://www.w3.org/TR/its20/</a>). The currently supported ITS
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data categories are: ‘<samp>Translate</samp>’, ‘<samp>Localization Note</samp>’,
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‘<samp>Elements Within Text</samp>’, and ‘<samp>Preserve Space</samp>’. In addition to
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them, <code>xgettext</code> also recognizes the following extended data
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categories:
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> ‘<samp>Context</samp>’</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>This data category associates <code>msgctxt</code> to the extracted text. In
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the global rule, the <code>contextRule</code> element contains the following:
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</p>
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<ul class="toc">
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<li>
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A required <code>selector</code> attribute. It contains an absolute selector
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that selects the nodes to which this rule applies.
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</li><li>
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A required <code>contextPointer</code> attribute that contains a relative
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selector pointing to a node that holds the <code>msgctxt</code> value.
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</li><li>
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An optional <code>textPointer</code> attribute that contains a relative
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selector pointing to a node that holds the <code>msgid</code> value.
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</li></ul>
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</dd>
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<dt> ‘<samp>Escape Special Characters</samp>’</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>This data category indicates whether the special XML characters
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(<code><</code>, <code>></code>, <code>&</code>, <code>"</code>) are escaped with entity
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reference. In the global rule, the <code>escapeRule</code> element contains
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the following:
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</p>
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<ul class="toc">
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<li>
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A required <code>selector</code> attribute. It contains an absolute selector
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that selects the nodes to which this rule applies.
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</li><li>
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A required <code>escape</code> attribute with the value <code>yes</code> or <code>no</code>.
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</li></ul>
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</dd>
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<dt> ‘<samp>Extended Preserve Space</samp>’</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>This data category extends the standard ‘<samp>Preserve Space</samp>’ data
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category with the additional values ‘<samp>trim</samp>’ and ‘<samp>paragraph</samp>’.
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‘<samp>trim</samp>’ means to remove the leading and trailing whitespaces of the
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content, but not to normalize whitespaces in the middle.
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‘<samp>paragraph</samp>’ means to normalize the content but keep the paragraph
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boundaries. In the global
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rule, the <code>preserveSpaceRule</code> element contains the following:
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</p>
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<ul class="toc">
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<li>
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A required <code>selector</code> attribute. It contains an absolute selector
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that selects the nodes to which this rule applies.
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</li><li>
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A required <code>space</code> attribute with the value <code>default</code>,
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<code>preserve</code>, <code>trim</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>.
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</li></ul>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>All those extended data categories can only be expressed with global
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rules, and the rule elements have to have the
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<code>https://www.gnu.org/s/gettext/ns/its/extensions/1.0</code> namespace.
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</p>
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<p>Given the following XML document in a file ‘<tt>messages.xml</tt>’:
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</p>
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<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"><?xml version="1.0"?>
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<messages>
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<message>
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<p>A translatable string</p>
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</message>
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<message>
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<p translatable="no">A non-translatable string</p>
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</message>
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</messages>
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</pre></td></tr></table>
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<p>To extract the first text content ("A translatable string"), but not the
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second ("A non-translatable string"), the following ITS rules can be used:
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</p>
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<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"><?xml version="1.0"?>
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<its:rules xmlns:its="http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its" version="1.0">
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<its:translateRule selector="/messages" translate="no"/>
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<its:translateRule selector="//message/p" translate="yes"/>
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<!-- If 'p' has an attribute 'translatable' with the value 'no', then
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the content is not translatable. -->
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<its:translateRule selector="//message/p[@translatable = 'no']"
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translate="no"/>
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</its:rules>
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</pre></td></tr></table>
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<p>‘<samp>xgettext</samp>’ needs another file called "locating rule" to associate
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an ITS rule with an XML file. If the above ITS file is saved as
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‘<tt>messages.its</tt>’, the locating rule would look like:
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</p>
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<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"><?xml version="1.0"?>
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<locatingRules>
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<locatingRule name="Messages" pattern="*.xml">
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<documentRule localName="messages" target="messages.its"/>
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</locatingRule>
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<locatingRule name="Messages" pattern="*.msg" target="messages.its"/>
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</locatingRules>
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</pre></td></tr></table>
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<p>The <code>locatingRule</code> element must have a <code>pattern</code> attribute,
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which denotes either a literal file name or a wildcard pattern of the
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XML file<a name="DOCF7" href="gettext_fot.html#FOOT7">(7)</a>. The <code>locatingRule</code> element can have child
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<code>documentRule</code> element, which adds checks on the content of the XML
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file.
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</p>
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<p>The first rule matches any file with the ‘<tt>.xml</tt>’ file extension, but
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it only applies to XML files whose root element is ‘<samp><messages></samp>’.
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</p>
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<p>The second rule indicates that the same ITS rule file are also
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applicable to any file with the ‘<tt>.msg</tt>’ file extension. The
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optional <code>name</code> attribute of <code>locatingRule</code> allows to choose
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rules by name, typically with <code>xgettext</code>'s <code>-L</code> option.
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</p>
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<p>The associated ITS rule file is indicated by the <code>target</code> attribute
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of <code>locatingRule</code> or <code>documentRule</code>. If it is specified in a
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<code>documentRule</code> element, the parent <code>locatingRule</code> shouldn't
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have the <code>target</code> attribute.
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</p>
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<p>Locating rule files must have the ‘<tt>.loc</tt>’ file extension. Both ITS
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rule files and locating rule files must be installed in the
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‘<tt>$prefix/share/gettext/its</tt>’ directory. Once those files are
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properly installed, <code>xgettext</code> can extract translatable strings
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from the matching XML files.
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</p>
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<a name="SEC348"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC341">16.1.6.1 Two Use-cases of Translated Strings in XML</a> </h4>
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<p>For XML, there are two use-cases of translated strings. One is the case
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where the translated strings are directly consumed by programs, and the
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other is the case where the translated strings are merged back to the
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original XML document. In the former case, special characters in the
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extracted strings shouldn't be escaped, while they should in the latter
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case. To control wheter to escape special characters, the ‘<samp>Escape
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Special Characters</samp>’ data category can be used.
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</p>
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<p>To merge the translations, the ‘<samp>msgfmt</samp>’ program can be used with
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the option <code>--xml</code>. See section <a href="gettext_10.html#SEC174">Invoking the <code>msgfmt</code> Program</a>, for more details
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about how one calls the ‘<samp>msgfmt</samp>’ program. ‘<samp>msgfmt</samp>’'s
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<code>--xml</code> option doesn't perform character escaping, so translated
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strings can have arbitrary XML constructs, such as elements for markup.
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</p>
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<a name="Localized-Data"></a>
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<a name="SEC349"></a>
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<h2 class="section"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC342">16.2 Localized Data Formats</a> </h2>
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<p>Here is a list of file formats that contain localized data and that the
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GNU gettext tools can manipulate.
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</p>
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<a name="Editable-Message-Catalogs"></a>
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<a name="SEC350"></a>
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<h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC343">16.2.1 Editable Message Catalogs</a> </h3>
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<p>These file formats can be used with all of the <code>msg*</code> tools and with
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the <code>xgettext</code> program.
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</p>
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<p>If you just want to convert among these formats, you can use the
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<code>msgcat</code> program (with the appropriate option) or the <code>xgettext</code>
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program.
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</p>
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<a name="PO"></a>
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<a name="SEC351"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC344">16.2.1.1 PO - Portable Object</a> </h4>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>po</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="Java-_002eproperties"></a>
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<a name="SEC352"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC345">16.2.1.2 Java .properties</a> </h4>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>properties</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="GNUstep-_002estrings"></a>
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<a name="SEC353"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC346">16.2.1.3 NeXTstep/GNUstep .strings</a> </h4>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>strings</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="Compiled-Message-Catalogs"></a>
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<a name="SEC354"></a>
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<h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC347">16.2.2 Compiled Message Catalogs</a> </h3>
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<p>These file formats can be created through <code>msgfmt</code> and converted back
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to PO format through <code>msgunfmt</code>.
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</p>
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<a name="MO"></a>
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<a name="SEC355"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC348">16.2.2.1 MO - Machine Object</a> </h4>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>mo</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<p>See section <a href="gettext_10.html#SEC196">The Format of GNU MO Files</a> for details.
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</p>
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<a name="Java-ResourceBundle"></a>
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<a name="SEC356"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC349">16.2.2.2 Java ResourceBundle</a> </h4>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>class</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<p>For more information, see the section <a href="gettext_15.html#SEC299">Java</a> and the examples
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<code>hello-java</code>, <code>hello-java-awt</code>, <code>hello-java-swing</code>.
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</p>
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<a name="C_0023-Satellite-Assembly"></a>
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<a name="SEC357"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC350">16.2.2.3 C# Satellite Assembly</a> </h4>
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|
|
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>dll</code>
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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|
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<p>For more information, see the section <a href="gettext_15.html#SEC300">C#</a>.
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</p>
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<a name="C_0023-Resource"></a>
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<a name="SEC358"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC351">16.2.2.4 C# Resource</a> </h4>
|
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|
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<dl compact="compact">
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|
<dt> File extension</dt>
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<dd><p><code>resources</code>
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|
</p></dd>
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</dl>
|
|
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|
<p>For more information, see the section <a href="gettext_15.html#SEC300">C#</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="Tcl-message-catalog"></a>
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|
<a name="SEC359"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC352">16.2.2.5 Tcl message catalog</a> </h4>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
|
<dt> File extension</dt>
|
|
<dd><p><code>msg</code>
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>For more information, see the section <a href="gettext_15.html#SEC325">Tcl - Tk's scripting language</a> and the examples
|
|
<code>hello-tcl</code>, <code>hello-tcl-tk</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="Qt-message-catalog"></a>
|
|
<a name="SEC360"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC353">16.2.2.6 Qt message catalog</a> </h4>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
|
<dt> File extension</dt>
|
|
<dd><p><code>qm</code>
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>For more information, see the examples <code>hello-c++-qt</code> and
|
|
<code>hello-c++-kde</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="Desktop-Entry"></a>
|
|
<a name="SEC361"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC354">16.2.3 Desktop Entry files</a> </h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The programmer produces a desktop entry file template with only the
|
|
English strings. These strings get included in the POT file, by way of
|
|
<code>xgettext</code> (usually by listing the template in <code>po/POTFILES.in</code>).
|
|
The translators produce PO files, one for each language. Finally, an
|
|
<code>msgfmt --desktop</code> invocation collects all the translations in the
|
|
desktop entry file.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>For more information, see the example <code>hello-c-gnome3</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a name="Icons"></a>
|
|
<a name="SEC362"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsubsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC355">16.2.3.1 How to handle icons in Desktop Entry files</a> </h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Icons are generally locale dependent, for the following reasons:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Icons may contain signs that are considered rude in some cultures. For
|
|
example, the high-five sign, in some cultures, is perceived as an
|
|
unfriendly “stop” sign.
|
|
</li><li>
|
|
Icons may contain metaphors that are culture specific. For example, a
|
|
mailbox in the U.S. looks different than mailboxes all around the world.
|
|
</li><li>
|
|
Icons may need to be mirrored for right-to-left locales.
|
|
</li><li>
|
|
Icons may contain text strings (a bad practice, but anyway).
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>However, icons are not covered by GNU gettext localization, because
|
|
</p><ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Icons cannot be easily embedded in PO files,
|
|
</li><li>
|
|
The need to localize an icon is rare, and the ability to do so in a PO
|
|
file would introduce translator mistakes.
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Desktop Entry files may contain an ‘<samp>Icon</samp>’ property, and this
|
|
property is localizable. If a translator wishes to localize an icon,
|
|
she should do so by bypassing the normal workflow with PO files:
|
|
</p><ol>
|
|
<li>
|
|
The translator contacts the package developers directly, sending them
|
|
the icon appropriate for her locale, with a request to change the
|
|
template file.
|
|
</li><li>
|
|
The package developers add the icon file to their repository, and a
|
|
line
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="smallexample">Icon[<var>locale</var>]=<var>icon_file_name</var>
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
|
<p>to the template file.
|
|
</p></li></ol>
|
|
<p>This line remains in place when this template file is merged with the
|
|
translators' PO files, through <code>msgfmt</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<a name="XML"></a>
|
|
<a name="SEC363"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC356">16.2.4 XML files</a> </h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>See the section <a href="#SEC347">Preparing Rules for XML Internationalization</a> and
|
|
<a href="gettext_10.html#SEC174">Invoking the <code>msgfmt</code> Program</a>, subsection “XML mode operations”.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC340" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_17.html#SEC364" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_toc.html#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_21.html#SEC389" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
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</tr></table>
|
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<p>
|
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<font size="-1">
|
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This document was generated by <em>Bruno Haible</em> on <em>February, 21 2024</em> using <a href="https://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.78a</em></a>.
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