milestone: desktop path Phases 1-5

Phase 1 (Runtime Substrate): 4 check binaries, --probe, POSIX tests Phase 2 (Wayland Compositor): bounded scaffold, zero warnings Phase 3 (KWin Session): preflight checker (KWin stub, gated on Qt6Quick) Phase 4 (KDE Plasma): 18 KF6 enabled, preflight checker Phase 5 (Hardware GPU): DRM/firmware/Mesa preflight checker Build: zero warnings, all scripts syntax-clean. Oracle-verified.
2026-04-29 09:54:06 +01:00
parent b23714f542
commit 8acc73d774
508 changed files with 76526 additions and 396 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[unstable]
+build-std = ["core", "alloc", "compiler_builtins"]
+build-std-features = ["compiler-builtins-mem"]
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+[package]
+name = "bootstrap"
+description = "Userspace bootstrapper"
+version = "0.0.0"
+authors = ["4lDO2 <4lDO2@protonmail.com>"]
+edition = "2024"
+license = "MIT"
+
+[dependencies]
+hashbrown = { version = "0.15", default-features = false, features = [
+    "inline-more",
+    "default-hasher",
+] }
+linked_list_allocator = "0.10"
+libredox = { version = "0.1.16", default-features = false, features = ["protocol"] }
+log = { version = "0.4", default-features = false }
+plain = "0.2"
+redox-initfs = { path = "../initfs", default-features = false }
+redox_syscall = "0.7.4"
+redox-scheme = { version = "0.11.0", default-features = false }
+redox-path = "0.3.1"
+slab = { version = "0.4.9", default-features = false }
+arrayvec = { version = "0.7.6", default-features = false }
+
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "redox")'.dependencies]
+redox-rt = { git = "https://gitlab.redox-os.org/redox-os/relibc.git", default-features = false }
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
+lto = "fat"
+opt-level = "s"
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "abort"
+opt-level = "s"
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use std::env;
+
+fn main() {
+    let manifest_dir = env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").unwrap();
+    let mut arch = env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH").unwrap();
+    if arch == "x86" {
+        arch = "i586".to_owned();
+    }
+
+    println!("cargo::rustc-link-arg=-z");
+    println!("cargo::rustc-link-arg=max-page-size=4096");
+    println!("cargo::rustc-link-arg=-T");
+    println!("cargo::rustc-link-arg={manifest_dir}/src/{arch}.ld");
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+ENTRY(_start)
+OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf64-littleaarch64", "elf64-littleaarch64", "elf64-littleaarch64")
+
+SECTIONS {
+  . = 4096 + 4096; /* Reserved for the null page and the initfs header prepended by redox-initfs-ar */
+  __initfs_header = . - 4096;
+  . += SIZEOF_HEADERS;
+  . = ALIGN(4096);
+
+  .text : {
+    __text_start = .;
+    *(.text*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __text_end = .;
+  }
+  .rodata : {
+    __rodata_start = .;
+    *(.rodata*)
+  }
+  .data.rel.ro : {
+    *(.data.rel.ro*)
+  }
+  .got : {
+    *(.got)
+  }
+  .got.plt : {
+    *(.got.plt)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __rodata_end = .;
+  }
+  .data : {
+    __data_start = .;
+    *(.data*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __data_end = .;
+
+    *(.tbss*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    *(.tdata*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+
+    __bss_start = .;
+    *(.bss*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __bss_end = .;
+  }
+
+  /DISCARD/ : {
+      *(.comment*)
+      *(.eh_frame*)
+      *(.gcc_except_table*)
+      *(.note*)
+      *(.rel.eh_frame*)
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+use core::mem;
+use syscall::{data::Map, flag::MapFlags, number::SYS_FMAP};
+
+pub const USERMODE_END: usize = 0x0000_8000_0000_0000;
+pub const STACK_START: usize = USERMODE_END - syscall::KERNEL_METADATA_SIZE - STACK_SIZE;
+
+const STACK_SIZE: usize = 64 * 1024; // 64 KiB
+static MAP: Map = Map {
+    offset: 0,
+    size: STACK_SIZE,
+    flags: MapFlags::PROT_READ
+        .union(MapFlags::PROT_WRITE)
+        .union(MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE)
+        .union(MapFlags::MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE),
+    address: STACK_START, // highest possible user address
+};
+
+core::arch::global_asm!(
+    "
+    .globl _start
+    _start:
+    // Setup a stack.
+    ldr x8, ={number}
+    ldr x0, ={fd}
+    ldr x1, ={map} // pointer to Map struct
+    ldr x2, ={map_size} // size of Map struct
+    svc 0
+
+    // Failure if return value is zero
+    cbz x0, 1f
+
+    // Failure if return value is negative
+    tbnz x0, 63, 1f
+
+    // Set up stack frame
+    mov sp, x0
+    add sp, sp, #{stack_size}
+    mov fp, sp
+
+    // Stack has the same alignment as `size`.
+    bl start
+    // `start` must never return.
+
+    // failure, emit undefined instruction
+    1:
+    udf #0
+    ",
+    fd = const usize::MAX, // dummy fd indicates anonymous map
+    map = sym MAP,
+    map_size = const mem::size_of::<Map>(),
+    number = const SYS_FMAP,
+    stack_size = const STACK_SIZE,
+);
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+use alloc::string::ToString;
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use core::ffi::CStr;
+use core::str::FromStr;
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use redox_scheme::Socket;
+
+use syscall::CallFlags;
+use syscall::data::{GlobalSchemes, KernelSchemeInfo};
+use syscall::flag::{O_CLOEXEC, O_RDONLY, O_STAT};
+use syscall::{EINTR, Error};
+
+use redox_rt::proc::*;
+
+use crate::KernelSchemeMap;
+
+struct Logger;
+
+impl log::Log for Logger {
+    fn enabled(&self, metadata: &log::Metadata) -> bool {
+        metadata.level() <= log::max_level()
+    }
+    fn log(&self, record: &log::Record) {
+        let file = record.file().unwrap_or("");
+        let line = record.line().unwrap_or(0);
+        let level = record.level();
+        let msg = record.args();
+        let _ = syscall::write(
+            1,
+            alloc::format!("[{file}:{line} {level}] {msg}\n").as_bytes(),
+        );
+    }
+    fn flush(&self) {}
+}
+
+const KERNEL_METADATA_BASE: usize = crate::arch::USERMODE_END - syscall::KERNEL_METADATA_SIZE;
+
+pub fn main() -> ! {
+    let mut cursor = KERNEL_METADATA_BASE;
+    let kernel_scheme_infos = unsafe {
+        let base_ptr = cursor as *const u8;
+        let infos_len = *(base_ptr as *const usize);
+        let infos_ptr = base_ptr.add(core::mem::size_of::<usize>()) as *const KernelSchemeInfo;
+        let slice = core::slice::from_raw_parts(infos_ptr, infos_len);
+        cursor += core::mem::size_of::<usize>() // kernel scheme number size
+            + infos_len // kernel scheme number
+            * core::mem::size_of::<KernelSchemeInfo>();
+        slice
+    };
+    let scheme_creation_cap = unsafe {
+        let base_ptr = cursor as *const u8;
+        FdGuard::new(*(base_ptr as *const usize))
+    };
+
+    let mut kernel_schemes = KernelSchemeMap::new(kernel_scheme_infos);
+
+    let auth = kernel_schemes
+        .0
+        .remove(&GlobalSchemes::Proc)
+        .expect("failed to get proc fd");
+
+    let this_thr_fd = auth
+        .dup(b"cur-context")
+        .expect("failed to open open_via_dup")
+        .to_upper()
+        .unwrap();
+    let this_thr_fd = unsafe { redox_rt::initialize_freestanding(this_thr_fd) };
+
+    let mut env_bytes = [0_u8; 4096];
+    let mut envs = {
+        let fd = FdGuard::new(
+            syscall::openat(
+                kernel_schemes
+                    .get(GlobalSchemes::Sys)
+                    .expect("failed to get sys fd")
+                    .as_raw_fd(),
+                "env",
+                O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC,
+                0,
+            )
+            .expect("bootstrap: failed to open env"),
+        );
+        let bytes_read = fd
+            .read(&mut env_bytes)
+            .expect("bootstrap: failed to read env");
+
+        if bytes_read >= env_bytes.len() {
+            // TODO: Handle this, we can allocate as much as we want in theory.
+            panic!("env is too large");
+        }
+        let env_bytes = &mut env_bytes[..bytes_read];
+
+        env_bytes
+            .split(|&c| c == b'\n')
+            .filter(|var| !var.is_empty())
+            .filter(|var| !var.starts_with(b"INITFS_"))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+    envs.push(b"RUST_BACKTRACE=1");
+    //envs.push(b"LD_DEBUG=all");
+    envs.push(b"LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/scheme/initfs/lib");
+
+    log::set_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Warn);
+
+    if let Some(log_env) = envs
+        .iter()
+        .find_map(|var| var.strip_prefix(b"BOOTSTRAP_LOG_LEVEL="))
+    {
+        if let Ok(Ok(log_level)) = str::from_utf8(&log_env).map(|s| log::LevelFilter::from_str(s)) {
+            log::set_max_level(log_level);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let _ = log::set_logger(&Logger);
+
+    unsafe extern "C" {
+        // The linker script will define this as the location of the initfs header.
+        static __initfs_header: u8;
+
+        // The linker script will define this as the end of the executable (excluding initfs).
+        static __bss_end: u8;
+    }
+
+    let initfs_start = core::ptr::addr_of!(__initfs_header);
+    let initfs_length = unsafe {
+        (*(core::ptr::addr_of!(__initfs_header) as *const redox_initfs::types::Header))
+            .initfs_size
+            .get() as usize
+    };
+
+    let (scheme_creation_cap, auth, kernel_schemes, initfs_fd) = spawn(
+        "initfs daemon",
+        auth,
+        &this_thr_fd,
+        scheme_creation_cap,
+        kernel_schemes,
+        false,
+        |write_fd, socket, _, _| unsafe {
+            crate::initfs::run(
+                core::slice::from_raw_parts(initfs_start, initfs_length),
+                write_fd,
+                socket,
+            );
+        },
+    );
+
+    // Unmap initfs data as only the initfs scheme implementation needs it.
+    unsafe {
+        let executable_end = core::ptr::addr_of!(__bss_end)
+            .add(core::ptr::addr_of!(__bss_end).align_offset(syscall::PAGE_SIZE));
+        syscall::funmap(
+            executable_end as usize,
+            initfs_length.next_multiple_of(syscall::PAGE_SIZE)
+                - (executable_end.offset_from(initfs_start) as usize),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let (scheme_creation_cap, auth, kernel_schemes, proc_fd) = spawn(
+        "process manager",
+        auth,
+        &this_thr_fd,
+        scheme_creation_cap,
+        kernel_schemes,
+        true,
+        |write_fd, socket, auth, mut kernel_schemes| {
+            let event = kernel_schemes
+                .0
+                .remove(&GlobalSchemes::Event)
+                .expect("failed to get event fd");
+            drop(kernel_schemes);
+            crate::procmgr::run(write_fd, socket, auth, event)
+        },
+    );
+
+    let scheme_creation_cap_dup = scheme_creation_cap
+        .dup(b"")
+        .expect("failed to dup scheme creation cap");
+    let (_, _, _, initns_fd) = spawn(
+        "init namespace manager",
+        auth,
+        &this_thr_fd,
+        scheme_creation_cap,
+        kernel_schemes,
+        false,
+        |write_fd, socket, _, kernel_schemes| {
+            let mut schemes = HashMap::default();
+            for (scheme, fd) in kernel_schemes.0.into_iter() {
+                schemes.insert(scheme.as_str().to_string(), Arc::new(fd));
+            }
+            schemes.insert(
+                "proc".to_string(),
+                // A bit dirty, but necessary as the parent process still needs access to it. Rust
+                // doesn't know that the fd got cloned by fork.
+                Arc::new(FdGuard::new(proc_fd.as_raw_fd())),
+            );
+            schemes.insert("initfs".to_string(), Arc::new(initfs_fd));
+
+            crate::initnsmgr::run(write_fd, socket, schemes, scheme_creation_cap_dup)
+        },
+    );
+
+    let (init_proc_fd, init_thr_fd) = unsafe { make_init(proc_fd.take()) };
+    // from this point, this_thr_fd is no longer valid
+
+    const CWD: &[u8] = b"/scheme/initfs";
+    let cwd_fd = FdGuard::new(
+        syscall::openat(initns_fd.as_raw_fd(), "/scheme/initfs", O_STAT, 0)
+            .expect("failed to open cwd fd"),
+    )
+    .to_upper()
+    .unwrap();
+    let extrainfo = ExtraInfo {
+        cwd: Some(CWD),
+        sigprocmask: 0,
+        sigignmask: 0,
+        umask: redox_rt::sys::get_umask(),
+        thr_fd: init_thr_fd.as_raw_fd(),
+        proc_fd: init_proc_fd.as_raw_fd(),
+        ns_fd: Some(initns_fd.take()),
+        cwd_fd: Some(cwd_fd.as_raw_fd()),
+    };
+
+    let exe_path = "/scheme/initfs/bin/init";
+
+    let image_file = FdGuard::new(
+        syscall::openat(extrainfo.ns_fd.unwrap(), exe_path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC, 0)
+            .expect("failed to open init"),
+    )
+    .to_upper()
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let FexecResult::Interp {
+        path: interp_path,
+        interp_override,
+    } = fexec_impl(
+        image_file,
+        init_thr_fd,
+        init_proc_fd,
+        exe_path.as_bytes(),
+        &[exe_path.as_bytes()],
+        &envs,
+        &extrainfo,
+        None,
+    )
+    .expect("failed to execute init");
+
+    // According to elf(5), PT_INTERP requires that the interpreter path be
+    // null-terminated. Violating this should therefore give the "format error" ENOEXEC.
+    let interp_cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(&interp_path).expect("interpreter not valid C str");
+    let interp_file = FdGuard::new(
+        syscall::openat(
+            extrainfo.ns_fd.unwrap(), // initns, not initfs!
+            interp_cstr.to_str().expect("interpreter not UTF-8"),
+            O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC,
+            0,
+        )
+        .expect("failed to open dynamic linker"),
+    )
+    .to_upper()
+    .unwrap();
+
+    fexec_impl(
+        interp_file,
+        init_thr_fd,
+        init_proc_fd,
+        exe_path.as_bytes(),
+        &[exe_path.as_bytes()],
+        &envs,
+        &extrainfo,
+        Some(interp_override),
+    )
+    .expect("failed to execute init");
+
+    unreachable!()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn spawn(
+    name: &str,
+    auth: FdGuard,
+    this_thr_fd: &FdGuardUpper,
+    scheme_creation_cap: FdGuard,
+    kernel_schemes: KernelSchemeMap,
+    nonblock: bool,
+    inner: impl FnOnce(FdGuard, Socket, FdGuard, KernelSchemeMap) -> !,
+) -> (FdGuard, FdGuard, KernelSchemeMap, FdGuard) {
+    let read = FdGuard::new(
+        syscall::openat(
+            kernel_schemes
+                .get(GlobalSchemes::Pipe)
+                .expect("failed to get pipe fd")
+                .as_raw_fd(),
+            "",
+            O_CLOEXEC,
+            0,
+        )
+        .expect("failed to open sync read pipe"),
+    );
+
+    // The write pipe will not inherit O_CLOEXEC, but is closed by the daemon later.
+    let write = FdGuard::new(
+        syscall::dup(read.as_raw_fd(), b"write").expect("failed to open sync write pipe"),
+    );
+
+    match fork_impl(&ForkArgs::Init {
+        this_thr_fd,
+        auth: &auth,
+    }) {
+        Err(err) => {
+            panic!("Failed to fork in order to start {name}: {err}");
+        }
+        // Continue serving the scheme as the child.
+        Ok(0) => {
+            drop(read);
+
+            let socket = Socket::create_inner(scheme_creation_cap.as_raw_fd(), nonblock)
+                .expect("failed to open proc scheme socket");
+            drop(scheme_creation_cap);
+
+            inner(write, socket, auth, kernel_schemes)
+        }
+        // Return in order to execute init, as the parent.
+        Ok(_) => {
+            drop(write);
+
+            let mut new_fd = usize::MAX;
+            let fd_bytes = unsafe {
+                core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
+                    core::slice::from_mut(&mut new_fd).as_mut_ptr() as *mut u8,
+                    core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+                )
+            };
+            loop {
+                match syscall::call_ro(
+                    read.as_raw_fd(),
+                    fd_bytes,
+                    CallFlags::FD | CallFlags::FD_UPPER,
+                    &[],
+                ) {
+                    Err(Error { errno: EINTR }) => continue,
+                    _ => break,
+                }
+            }
+
+            (
+                scheme_creation_cap,
+                auth,
+                kernel_schemes,
+                FdGuard::new(new_fd),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+ENTRY(_start)
+OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf32-i386)
+
+SECTIONS {
+  . = 4096 + 4096; /* Reserved for the null page and the initfs header prepended by redox-initfs-ar */
+  __initfs_header = . - 4096;
+  . += SIZEOF_HEADERS;
+  . = ALIGN(4096);
+
+  .text : {
+    __text_start = .;
+    *(.text*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __text_end = .;
+  }
+  .rodata : {
+    __rodata_start = .;
+    *(.rodata*)
+  }
+  .data.rel.ro : {
+    *(.data.rel.ro*)
+  }
+  .got : {
+    *(.got)
+  }
+  .got.plt : {
+    *(.got.plt)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __rodata_end = .;
+  }
+  .data : {
+    __data_start = .;
+    *(.data*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __data_end = .;
+
+    *(.tbss*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    *(.tdata*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+
+    __bss_start = .;
+    *(.bss*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __bss_end = .;
+  }
+
+  /DISCARD/ : {
+      *(.comment*)
+      *(.eh_frame*)
+      *(.gcc_except_table*)
+      *(.note*)
+      *(.rel.eh_frame*)
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+ENTRY(_start)
+OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf32-i386)
+
+SECTIONS {
+  . = 4096 + 4096; /* Reserved for the null page and the initfs header prepended by redox-initfs-ar */
+  __initfs_header = . - 4096;
+  . += SIZEOF_HEADERS;
+  . = ALIGN(4096);
+
+  .text : {
+    __text_start = .;
+    *(.text*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __text_end = .;
+  }
+  .rodata : {
+    __rodata_start = .;
+    *(.rodata*)
+  }
+  .data.rel.ro : {
+    *(.data.rel.ro*)
+  }
+  .got : {
+    *(.got)
+  }
+  .got.plt : {
+    *(.got.plt)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __rodata_end = .;
+  }
+  .data : {
+    __data_start = .;
+    *(.data*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __data_end = .;
+
+    *(.tbss*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    *(.tdata*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+
+    __bss_start = .;
+    *(.bss*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __bss_end = .;
+  }
+
+  /DISCARD/ : {
+      *(.comment*)
+      *(.eh_frame*)
+      *(.gcc_except_table*)
+      *(.note*)
+      *(.rel.eh_frame*)
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+use core::mem;
+use syscall::{data::Map, flag::MapFlags, number::SYS_FMAP};
+
+const STACK_SIZE: usize = 64 * 1024; // 64 KiB
+pub const USERMODE_END: usize = 0x8000_0000;
+pub const STACK_START: usize = USERMODE_END - syscall::KERNEL_METADATA_SIZE - STACK_SIZE;
+
+static MAP: Map = Map {
+    offset: 0,
+    size: STACK_SIZE,
+    flags: MapFlags::PROT_READ
+        .union(MapFlags::PROT_WRITE)
+        .union(MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE)
+        .union(MapFlags::MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE),
+    address: STACK_START, // highest possible user address
+};
+
+core::arch::global_asm!(
+    "
+    .globl _start
+    _start:
+    # Setup a stack.
+    mov eax, {number}
+    mov ebx, {fd}
+    mov ecx, offset {map} # pointer to Map struct
+    mov edx, {map_size} # size of Map struct
+    int 0x80
+
+    # Test for success (nonzero value).
+    cmp eax, 0
+    jg 1f
+    # (failure)
+    ud2
+    1:
+    # Subtract 16 since all instructions seem to hate non-canonical ESP values :)
+    lea esp, [eax+{stack_size}-16]
+    mov ebp, esp
+
+    # Stack has the same alignment as `size`.
+    call start
+    # `start` must never return.
+    ud2
+    ",
+    fd = const usize::MAX, // dummy fd indicates anonymous map
+    map = sym MAP,
+    map_size = const mem::size_of::<Map>(),
+    number = const SYS_FMAP,
+    stack_size = const STACK_SIZE,
+);
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+use core::convert::TryFrom;
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+use core::hash::{BuildHasherDefault, SipHasher};
+use core::str;
+
+use alloc::string::String;
+
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use redox_initfs::{InitFs, Inode, InodeDir, InodeKind, InodeStruct};
+
+use redox_rt::proc::FdGuard;
+use redox_scheme::{
+    CallerCtx, OpenResult, RequestKind,
+    scheme::{SchemeState, SchemeSync},
+};
+
+use redox_scheme::{SignalBehavior, Socket};
+use syscall::PAGE_SIZE;
+use syscall::data::Stat;
+use syscall::dirent::DirEntry;
+use syscall::dirent::DirentBuf;
+use syscall::dirent::DirentKind;
+use syscall::error::*;
+use syscall::flag::*;
+use syscall::schemev2::NewFdFlags;
+
+enum Handle {
+    Node(Node),
+    SchemeRoot,
+}
+impl Handle {
+    fn as_node(&self) -> Result<&Node> {
+        match self {
+            Handle::Node(n) => Ok(n),
+            _ => Err(Error::new(EBADF)),
+        }
+    }
+    fn as_node_mut(&mut self) -> Result<&mut Node> {
+        match self {
+            Handle::Node(n) => Ok(n),
+            _ => Err(Error::new(EBADF)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Node {
+    inode: Inode,
+    // TODO: Any better way to implement fpath? Or maybe work around it, e.g. by giving paths such
+    // as `initfs:__inodes__/<inode>`?
+    filename: String,
+}
+pub struct InitFsScheme {
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    handles: HashMap<usize, Handle, BuildHasherDefault<SipHasher>>,
+    next_id: usize,
+    fs: InitFs<'static>,
+}
+impl InitFsScheme {
+    pub fn new(bytes: &'static [u8]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            handles: HashMap::default(),
+            next_id: 0,
+            fs: InitFs::new(bytes, Some(PAGE_SIZE.try_into().unwrap()))
+                .expect("failed to parse initfs"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_inode(fs: &InitFs<'static>, inode: Inode) -> Result<InodeStruct<'static>> {
+        fs.get_inode(inode).ok_or_else(|| Error::new(EIO))
+    }
+    fn next_id(&mut self) -> usize {
+        assert_ne!(self.next_id, usize::MAX, "usize overflow in initfs scheme");
+        self.next_id += 1;
+        self.next_id
+    }
+}
+
+struct Iter {
+    dir: InodeDir<'static>,
+    idx: u32,
+}
+impl Iterator for Iter {
+    type Item = Result<redox_initfs::Entry<'static>>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let entry = self.dir.get_entry(self.idx).map_err(|_| Error::new(EIO));
+        self.idx += 1;
+        entry.transpose()
+    }
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        match self.dir.entry_count().ok() {
+            Some(size) => {
+                let size =
+                    usize::try_from(size).expect("expected u32 to be convertible into usize");
+                (size, Some(size))
+            }
+            None => (0, None),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn inode_len(inode: InodeStruct<'static>) -> Result<usize> {
+    Ok(match inode.kind() {
+        InodeKind::File(file) => file.data().map_err(|_| Error::new(EIO))?.len(),
+        InodeKind::Dir(dir) => (Iter { dir, idx: 0 }).fold(0, |len, entry| {
+            len + entry
+                .and_then(|entry| entry.name().map_err(|_| Error::new(EIO)))
+                .map_or(0, |name| name.len() + 1)
+        }),
+        InodeKind::Link(link) => link.data().map_err(|_| Error::new(EIO))?.len(),
+        InodeKind::Unknown => return Err(Error::new(EIO)),
+    })
+}
+
+impl SchemeSync for InitFsScheme {
+    fn openat(
+        &mut self,
+        dirfd: usize,
+        path: &str,
+        flags: usize,
+        _fcntl_flags: u32,
+        _ctx: &CallerCtx,
+    ) -> Result<OpenResult> {
+        if !matches!(
+            self.handles.get(&dirfd).ok_or(Error::new(EBADF))?,
+            Handle::SchemeRoot
+        ) {
+            return Err(Error::new(EACCES));
+        }
+        let mut components = path
+            // trim leading and trailing slash
+            .trim_matches('/')
+            // divide into components
+            .split('/')
+            // filter out double slashes (e.g. /usr//bin/...)
+            .filter(|c| !c.is_empty());
+
+        let mut current_inode = self.fs.root_inode();
+
+        while let Some(component) = components.next() {
+            match component {
+                "." => continue,
+                ".." => {
+                    let _ = components.next_back();
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                _ => (),
+            }
+
+            let current_inode_struct = Self::get_inode(&self.fs, current_inode)?;
+
+            let dir = match current_inode_struct.kind() {
+                InodeKind::Dir(dir) => dir,
+
+                // TODO: Support symlinks in other position than xopen target
+                InodeKind::Link(_) => {
+                    return Err(Error::new(EOPNOTSUPP));
+                }
+
+                // If we still have more components in the path, and the file tree for that
+                // particular branch is not all directories except the last, then that file cannot
+                // exist.
+                InodeKind::File(_) | InodeKind::Unknown => return Err(Error::new(ENOENT)),
+            };
+
+            let mut entries = Iter { dir, idx: 0 };
+
+            current_inode = loop {
+                let entry_res = match entries.next() {
+                    Some(e) => e,
+                    None => return Err(Error::new(ENOENT)),
+                };
+                let entry = entry_res?;
+                let name = entry.name().map_err(|_| Error::new(EIO))?;
+                if name == component.as_bytes() {
+                    break entry.inode();
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        // xopen target is link -- return EXDEV so that the file is opened as a link.
+        // TODO: Maybe follow initfs-local symlinks here? Would be faster
+        let is_link = matches!(
+            Self::get_inode(&self.fs, current_inode)?.kind(),
+            InodeKind::Link(_)
+        );
+        let o_stat_nofollow = flags & O_STAT != 0 && flags & O_NOFOLLOW != 0;
+        let o_symlink = flags & O_SYMLINK != 0;
+        if is_link && !o_stat_nofollow && !o_symlink {
+            return Err(Error::new(EXDEV));
+        }
+
+        let id = self.next_id();
+        let old = self.handles.insert(
+            id,
+            Handle::Node(Node {
+                inode: current_inode,
+                filename: path.into(),
+            }),
+        );
+        assert!(old.is_none());
+
+        Ok(OpenResult::ThisScheme {
+            number: id,
+            flags: NewFdFlags::POSITIONED,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn read(
+        &mut self,
+        id: usize,
+        buffer: &mut [u8],
+        offset: u64,
+        _fcntl_flags: u32,
+        _ctx: &CallerCtx,
+    ) -> Result<usize> {
+        let Ok(offset) = usize::try_from(offset) else {
+            return Ok(0);
+        };
+
+        let handle = self
+            .handles
+            .get_mut(&id)
+            .ok_or(Error::new(EBADF))?
+            .as_node_mut()?;
+
+        match Self::get_inode(&self.fs, handle.inode)?.kind() {
+            InodeKind::File(file) => {
+                let data = file.data().map_err(|_| Error::new(EIO))?;
+                let src_buf = &data[core::cmp::min(offset, data.len())..];
+
+                let to_copy = core::cmp::min(src_buf.len(), buffer.len());
+                buffer[..to_copy].copy_from_slice(&src_buf[..to_copy]);
+
+                Ok(to_copy)
+            }
+            InodeKind::Dir(_) => Err(Error::new(EISDIR)),
+            InodeKind::Link(link) => {
+                let link_data = link.data().map_err(|_| Error::new(EIO))?;
+                let src_buf = &link_data[core::cmp::min(offset, link_data.len())..];
+
+                let to_copy = core::cmp::min(src_buf.len(), buffer.len());
+                buffer[..to_copy].copy_from_slice(&src_buf[..to_copy]);
+
+                Ok(to_copy)
+            }
+            InodeKind::Unknown => Err(Error::new(EIO)),
+        }
+    }
+    fn getdents<'buf>(
+        &mut self,
+        id: usize,
+        mut buf: DirentBuf<&'buf mut [u8]>,
+        opaque_offset: u64,
+    ) -> Result<DirentBuf<&'buf mut [u8]>> {
+        let Ok(offset) = u32::try_from(opaque_offset) else {
+            return Ok(buf);
+        };
+        let handle = self.handles.get(&id).ok_or(Error::new(EBADF))?.as_node()?;
+        let InodeKind::Dir(dir) = Self::get_inode(&self.fs, handle.inode)?.kind() else {
+            return Err(Error::new(ENOTDIR));
+        };
+        let iter = Iter { dir, idx: offset };
+        for (index, entry) in iter.enumerate() {
+            let entry = entry?;
+            buf.entry(DirEntry {
+                // TODO: Add getter
+                //inode: entry.inode(),
+                inode: 0,
+
+                name: entry
+                    .name()
+                    .ok()
+                    .and_then(|utf8| core::str::from_utf8(utf8).ok())
+                    .ok_or(Error::new(EIO))?,
+                next_opaque_id: index as u64 + 1,
+                kind: DirentKind::Unspecified,
+            })?;
+        }
+        Ok(buf)
+    }
+
+    fn fsize(&mut self, id: usize, _ctx: &CallerCtx) -> Result<u64> {
+        let handle = self
+            .handles
+            .get_mut(&id)
+            .ok_or(Error::new(EBADF))?
+            .as_node_mut()?;
+
+        Ok(inode_len(Self::get_inode(&self.fs, handle.inode)?)? as u64)
+    }
+
+    fn fcntl(&mut self, id: usize, _cmd: usize, _arg: usize, _ctx: &CallerCtx) -> Result<usize> {
+        let _handle = self.handles.get(&id).ok_or(Error::new(EBADF))?.as_node()?;
+
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+
+    fn fpath(&mut self, id: usize, buf: &mut [u8], _ctx: &CallerCtx) -> Result<usize> {
+        let handle = self.handles.get(&id).ok_or(Error::new(EBADF))?.as_node()?;
+
+        // TODO: Copy scheme part in kernel
+        let scheme_path = b"/scheme/initfs";
+        let scheme_bytes = core::cmp::min(scheme_path.len(), buf.len());
+        buf[..scheme_bytes].copy_from_slice(&scheme_path[..scheme_bytes]);
+
+        let source = handle.filename.as_bytes();
+        let path_bytes = core::cmp::min(buf.len() - scheme_bytes, source.len());
+        buf[scheme_bytes..scheme_bytes + path_bytes].copy_from_slice(&source[..path_bytes]);
+
+        Ok(scheme_bytes + path_bytes)
+    }
+
+    fn fstat(&mut self, id: usize, stat: &mut Stat, _ctx: &CallerCtx) -> Result<()> {
+        let handle = self.handles.get(&id).ok_or(Error::new(EBADF))?.as_node()?;
+
+        let inode = Self::get_inode(&self.fs, handle.inode)?;
+
+        stat.st_ino = inode.id();
+        stat.st_mode = inode.mode()
+            | match inode.kind() {
+                InodeKind::Dir(_) => MODE_DIR,
+                InodeKind::File(_) => MODE_FILE,
+                InodeKind::Link(_) => MODE_SYMLINK,
+                _ => 0,
+            };
+        stat.st_uid = 0;
+        stat.st_gid = 0;
+        stat.st_size = u64::try_from(inode_len(inode)?).unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+
+        stat.st_ctime = 0;
+        stat.st_ctime_nsec = 0;
+        stat.st_mtime = 0;
+        stat.st_mtime_nsec = 0;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn fsync(&mut self, id: usize, _ctx: &CallerCtx) -> Result<()> {
+        if !self.handles.contains_key(&id) {
+            return Err(Error::new(EBADF));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn mmap_prep(
+        &mut self,
+        id: usize,
+        offset: u64,
+        size: usize,
+        flags: MapFlags,
+        _ctx: &CallerCtx,
+    ) -> syscall::Result<usize> {
+        let handle = self.handles.get(&id).ok_or(Error::new(EBADF))?;
+        let Handle::Node(node) = handle else {
+            return Err(Error::new(EBADF));
+        };
+        let data = match Self::get_inode(&self.fs, node.inode)?.kind() {
+            InodeKind::File(file) => file.data().map_err(|_| Error::new(EIO))?,
+            InodeKind::Dir(_) => return Err(Error::new(EISDIR)),
+            InodeKind::Link(_) => return Err(Error::new(ELOOP)),
+            InodeKind::Unknown => return Err(Error::new(EIO)),
+        };
+
+        if flags.contains(MapFlags::PROT_WRITE) {
+            return Err(Error::new(EPERM));
+        }
+
+        let Some(last_addr) = offset.checked_add(size as u64) else {
+            return Err(Error::new(EINVAL));
+        };
+
+        if last_addr > data.len().next_multiple_of(PAGE_SIZE) as u64 {
+            return Err(Error::new(EINVAL));
+        }
+
+        Ok(data.as_ptr() as usize)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn run(bytes: &'static [u8], sync_pipe: FdGuard, socket: Socket) -> ! {
+    log::info!("bootstrap: starting initfs scheme");
+    let mut state = SchemeState::new();
+    let mut scheme = InitFsScheme::new(bytes);
+
+    // send open-capability to bootstrap
+    let new_id = scheme.next_id();
+    scheme.handles.insert(new_id, Handle::SchemeRoot);
+    let cap_fd = socket
+        .create_this_scheme_fd(0, new_id, 0, 0)
+        .expect("failed to issue initfs root fd");
+    let _ = syscall::call_rw(
+        sync_pipe.as_raw_fd(),
+        &mut cap_fd.to_ne_bytes(),
+        CallFlags::FD,
+        &[],
+    );
+    drop(sync_pipe);
+
+    loop {
+        let Some(req) = socket
+            .next_request(SignalBehavior::Restart)
+            .expect("bootstrap: failed to read scheme request from kernel")
+        else {
+            break;
+        };
+        match req.kind() {
+            RequestKind::Call(req) => {
+                let resp = req.handle_sync(&mut scheme, &mut state);
+
+                if !socket
+                    .write_response(resp, SignalBehavior::Restart)
+                    .expect("bootstrap: failed to write scheme response to kernel")
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            RequestKind::OnClose { id } => {
+                scheme.handles.remove(&id);
+            }
+            _ => (),
+        }
+    }
+
+    unreachable!()
+}
+
+// TODO: Restructure bootstrap so it calls into relibc, or a split-off derivative without the C
+// parts, such as "redox-rt".
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn redox_read_v1(fd: usize, ptr: *mut u8, len: usize) -> isize {
+    Error::mux(syscall::read(fd, unsafe {
+        core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr, len)
+    })) as isize
+}
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn redox_write_v1(fd: usize, ptr: *const u8, len: usize) -> isize {
+    Error::mux(syscall::write(fd, unsafe {
+        core::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, len)
+    })) as isize
+}
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub unsafe fn redox_dup_v1(fd: usize, buf: *const u8, len: usize) -> isize {
+    Error::mux(syscall::dup(fd, unsafe {
+        core::slice::from_raw_parts(buf, len)
+    })) as isize
+}
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub extern "C" fn redox_close_v1(fd: usize) -> isize {
+    Error::mux(syscall::close(fd)) as isize
+}
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn redox_sys_call_v0(
+    fd: usize,
+    payload: *mut u8,
+    payload_len: usize,
+    flags: usize,
+    metadata: *const u64,
+    metadata_len: usize,
+) -> isize {
+    let flags = CallFlags::from_bits_retain(flags);
+
+    let metadata = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(metadata, metadata_len) };
+
+    let result = if flags.contains(CallFlags::READ) {
+        let payload = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(payload, payload_len) };
+        if flags.contains(CallFlags::WRITE) {
+            syscall::call_rw(fd, payload, flags, metadata)
+        } else {
+            syscall::call_ro(fd, payload, flags, metadata)
+        }
+    } else {
+        let payload = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(payload, payload_len) };
+        syscall::call_wo(fd, payload, flags, metadata)
+    };
+
+    Error::mux(result) as isize
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+use alloc::rc::Rc;
+use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use core::cell::RefCell;
+use core::fmt::Debug;
+use core::mem;
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use libredox::protocol::{NsDup, NsPermissions};
+use log::{error, warn};
+use redox_path::RedoxPath;
+use redox_path::RedoxScheme;
+use redox_rt::proc::FdGuard;
+use redox_scheme::{
+    CallerCtx, OpenResult, RequestKind, Response, SendFdRequest, SignalBehavior, Socket,
+    scheme::{SchemeState, SchemeSync},
+};
+use syscall::Stat;
+use syscall::dirent::{DirEntry, DirentBuf, DirentKind};
+use syscall::{CallFlags, FobtainFdFlags, error::*, schemev2::NewFdFlags};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct Namespace {
+    schemes: HashMap<String, Arc<FdGuard>>,
+}
+
+impl Namespace {
+    fn fork(&self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut schemes = HashMap::new();
+        let mut cursor = 0;
+        while cursor < buf.len() {
+            let len = read_num::<usize>(&buf[cursor..])?;
+            cursor += mem::size_of::<usize>();
+            let name = String::from_utf8(Vec::from(&buf[cursor..cursor + len]))
+                .map_err(|_| Error::new(EINVAL))?;
+            cursor += len;
+            if name.ends_with('*') {
+                let prefix = &name[..name.len() - 1];
+                for (registered_name, fd) in &self.schemes {
+                    if registered_name.starts_with(prefix) {
+                        schemes.insert(registered_name.clone(), fd.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                let Some(fd) = self.schemes.get(&name) else {
+                    warn!("Scheme {} not found in namespace", name);
+                    continue;
+                };
+                schemes.insert(name, fd.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Self { schemes })
+    }
+    fn get_scheme_fd(&self, scheme: &str) -> Option<&Arc<FdGuard>> {
+        self.schemes.get(scheme)
+    }
+    fn remove_scheme(&mut self, scheme: &str) -> Option<()> {
+        self.schemes.remove(scheme).map(|_| ())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct NamespaceAccess {
+    namespace: Rc<RefCell<Namespace>>,
+    permission: NsPermissions,
+}
+
+impl NamespaceAccess {
+    fn has_permission(&self, permission: NsPermissions) -> bool {
+        self.permission.contains(permission)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct SchemeRegister {
+    target_namespace: Rc<RefCell<Namespace>>,
+    scheme_name: String,
+}
+
+impl SchemeRegister {
+    fn register(&self, fd: FdGuard) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut ns = self.target_namespace.borrow_mut();
+        if ns.schemes.contains_key(&self.scheme_name) {
+            return Err(Error::new(EEXIST));
+        }
+        ns.schemes.insert(self.scheme_name.clone(), Arc::new(fd));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum Handle {
+    Access(NamespaceAccess),
+    Register(SchemeRegister),
+    List(NamespaceAccess),
+}
+
+pub struct NamespaceScheme<'sock> {
+    socket: &'sock Socket,
+    handles: HashMap<usize, Handle>,
+    root_namespace: Namespace,
+    next_id: usize,
+    scheme_creation_cap: FdGuard,
+}
+
+const HIGH_PERMISSIONS: NsPermissions = NsPermissions::SCHEME_CREATE;
+
+impl<'sock> NamespaceScheme<'sock> {
+    pub fn new(
+        socket: &'sock Socket,
+        schemes: HashMap<String, Arc<FdGuard>>,
+        scheme_creation_cap: FdGuard,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            socket,
+            handles: HashMap::new(),
+            root_namespace: Namespace { schemes },
+            next_id: 0,
+            scheme_creation_cap,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn add_namespace(&mut self, id: usize, schemes: Namespace, permission: NsPermissions) {
+        let handle = Handle::Access(NamespaceAccess {
+            namespace: Rc::new(RefCell::new(schemes)),
+            permission,
+        });
+        self.handles.insert(id, handle);
+    }
+
+    fn get_ns_access(&self, id: usize) -> Option<&NamespaceAccess> {
+        let handle = self.handles.get(&id);
+        match handle {
+            Some(Handle::Access(access)) => Some(access),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn open_namespace_resource(
+        &self,
+        ns_access: &NamespaceAccess,
+        reference: &str,
+        _flags: usize,
+        _fcntl_flags: u32,
+        _ctx: &CallerCtx,
+    ) -> Result<usize> {
+        match reference {
+            "scheme-creation-cap" => {
+                if !ns_access.has_permission(NsPermissions::SCHEME_CREATE) {
+                    error!("Permission denied to get scheme creation capability");
+                    return Err(Error::new(EACCES));
+                }
+                Ok(syscall::dup(self.scheme_creation_cap.as_raw_fd(), &[])?)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                error!("Unknown special reference: {}", reference);
+                return Err(Error::new(EINVAL));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn open_scheme_resource(
+        &self,
+        ns: &Namespace,
+        scheme: &str,
+        reference: &str,
+        flags: usize,
+        fcntl_flags: u32,
+        ctx: &CallerCtx,
+    ) -> Result<usize> {
+        let Some(cap_fd) = ns.get_scheme_fd(scheme) else {
+            log::info!("Scheme {:?} not found in namespace", scheme);
+            return Err(Error::new(ENODEV));
+        };
+
+        let scheme_fd = syscall::openat_with_filter(
+            cap_fd.as_raw_fd(),
+            reference,
+            flags,
+            fcntl_flags as usize,
+            ctx.uid,
+            ctx.gid,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(scheme_fd)
+    }
+
+    fn fork_namespace(&mut self, namespace: Rc<RefCell<Namespace>>, names: &[u8]) -> Result<usize> {
+        let new_id = self.next_id;
+        let new_namespace = namespace.borrow().fork(names).map_err(|e| {
+            error!("Failed to fork namespace {}: {}", new_id, e);
+            e
+        })?;
+        self.add_namespace(
+            new_id,
+            new_namespace,
+            NsPermissions::all().difference(HIGH_PERMISSIONS),
+        );
+        self.next_id += 1;
+        Ok(new_id)
+    }
+
+    fn shrink_permissions(
+        &mut self,
+        mut ns: NamespaceAccess,
+        permission: NsPermissions,
+    ) -> Result<usize> {
+        ns.permission = ns.permission.intersection(permission);
+        let next_id = self.next_id;
+        self.handles.insert(next_id, Handle::Access(ns));
+        self.next_id += 1;
+        Ok(next_id)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'sock> SchemeSync for NamespaceScheme<'sock> {
+    fn openat(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: usize,
+        path: &str,
+        flags: usize,
+        fcntl_flags: u32,
+        ctx: &CallerCtx,
+    ) -> Result<OpenResult> {
+        let ns_access = {
+            let handle = self.handles.get(&fd);
+            match handle {
+                Some(Handle::Access(access)) => Some(access),
+                _ => None,
+            }
+        }
+        .ok_or_else(|| {
+            error!("Namespace with ID {} not found", fd);
+            Error::new(ENOENT)
+        })?;
+        let redox_path = RedoxPath::from_absolute(path).ok_or(Error::new(EINVAL))?;
+        let (scheme, reference) = redox_path.as_parts().ok_or(Error::new(EINVAL))?;
+
+        let res_fd = match scheme.as_ref() {
+            "namespace" => self.open_namespace_resource(
+                ns_access,
+                reference.as_ref(),
+                flags,
+                fcntl_flags,
+                ctx,
+            )?,
+            "" => {
+                if !ns_access.has_permission(NsPermissions::LIST) {
+                    error!("Permission denied to list schemes in namespace {}", fd);
+                    return Err(Error::new(EACCES));
+                }
+
+                let new_id = self.next_id;
+                self.next_id += 1;
+
+                self.handles.insert(new_id, Handle::List(ns_access.clone()));
+
+                return Ok(OpenResult::ThisScheme {
+                    number: new_id,
+                    flags: NewFdFlags::empty(),
+                });
+            }
+            _ => self.open_scheme_resource(
+                &ns_access.namespace.borrow(),
+                scheme.as_ref(),
+                reference.as_ref(),
+                flags,
+                fcntl_flags,
+                ctx,
+            )?,
+        };
+
+        Ok(OpenResult::OtherScheme { fd: res_fd })
+    }
+
+    fn dup(&mut self, id: usize, buf: &[u8], _ctx: &CallerCtx) -> Result<OpenResult> {
+        let ns_access = self.get_ns_access(id).ok_or_else(|| {
+            error!("Namespace with ID {} not found", id);
+            Error::new(ENOENT)
+        })?;
+
+        let raw_kind = read_num::<usize>(buf)?;
+        let Some(kind) = NsDup::try_from_raw(raw_kind) else {
+            error!("Unknown dup kind: {}", raw_kind);
+            return Err(Error::new(EINVAL));
+        };
+        let payload = &buf[mem::size_of::<NsDup>()..];
+        let new_id = match kind {
+            NsDup::ForkNs => {
+                let ns = ns_access.namespace.clone();
+                let _ = ns_access;
+                self.fork_namespace(ns, payload)?
+            }
+            NsDup::ShrinkPermissions => self.shrink_permissions(
+                ns_access.clone(),
+                NsPermissions::from_bits_truncate(read_num::<usize>(payload)?),
+            )?,
+            NsDup::IssueRegister => {
+                let name = core::str::from_utf8(payload).map_err(|_| Error::new(EINVAL))?;
+                let scheme_name = RedoxScheme::new(name).ok_or_else(|| {
+                    error!("Invalid scheme name: {}", name);
+                    Error::new(EINVAL)
+                })?;
+
+                if !ns_access.has_permission(NsPermissions::INSERT) {
+                    error!(
+                        "Permission denied to issue register capability for namespace {}",
+                        id
+                    );
+                    return Err(Error::new(EACCES));
+                }
+                let new_id = self.next_id;
+                let register_cap = Handle::Register(SchemeRegister {
+                    target_namespace: ns_access.namespace.clone(),
+                    scheme_name: scheme_name.as_ref().to_string(),
+                });
+                self.handles.insert(new_id, register_cap);
+                self.next_id += 1;
+                new_id
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(OpenResult::ThisScheme {
+            number: new_id,
+            flags: NewFdFlags::empty(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn unlinkat(&mut self, fd: usize, path: &str, flags: usize, ctx: &CallerCtx) -> Result<()> {
+        let ns_access = self.get_ns_access(fd).ok_or_else(|| {
+            error!("Namespace with ID {} not found", fd);
+            Error::new(ENOENT)
+        })?;
+        let mut ns = ns_access.namespace.borrow_mut();
+
+        let redox_path = RedoxPath::from_absolute(path).ok_or(Error::new(EINVAL))?;
+        let (scheme, reference) = redox_path.as_parts().ok_or(Error::new(EINVAL))?;
+        if reference.as_ref().is_empty() {
+            if !ns_access.has_permission(NsPermissions::DELETE) {
+                error!("Permission denied to remove scheme for namespace {}", fd);
+                return Err(Error::new(EACCES));
+            }
+            match ns.remove_scheme(scheme.as_ref()) {
+                Some(_) => return Ok(()),
+                None => {
+                    error!("Scheme {} not found in namespace", scheme);
+                    return Err(Error::new(ENODEV));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let Some(cap_fd) = ns.get_scheme_fd(scheme.as_ref()) else {
+            error!("Scheme {} not found in namespace", scheme);
+            return Err(Error::new(ENODEV));
+        };
+
+        syscall::unlinkat_with_filter(cap_fd.as_raw_fd(), reference, flags, ctx.uid, ctx.gid)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn on_close(&mut self, id: usize) {
+        self.handles.remove(&id);
+    }
+
+    fn on_sendfd(&mut self, sendfd_request: &SendFdRequest) -> Result<usize> {
+        let namespace_id = sendfd_request.id();
+        let num_fds = sendfd_request.num_fds();
+
+        let handle = self.handles.get(&namespace_id).ok_or_else(|| {
+            error!("Namespace with ID {} not found", namespace_id);
+            Error::new(ENOENT)
+        })?;
+        let Handle::Register(register_cap) = handle else {
+            error!(
+                "Handle with ID {} is not a register capability",
+                namespace_id
+            );
+            return Err(Error::new(EACCES));
+        };
+
+        if num_fds == 0 {
+            return Ok(0);
+        }
+        if num_fds > 1 {
+            error!("Can only send one fd at a time");
+            return Err(Error::new(EINVAL));
+        }
+        let mut new_fd = usize::MAX;
+        if let Err(e) = sendfd_request.obtain_fd(
+            &self.socket,
+            FobtainFdFlags::UPPER_TBL,
+            core::slice::from_mut(&mut new_fd),
+        ) {
+            error!("on_sendfd: obtain_fd failed with error: {:?}", e);
+            return Err(e);
+        }
+        register_cap.register(FdGuard::new(new_fd))?;
+
+        Ok(num_fds)
+    }
+
+    fn getdents<'buf>(
+        &mut self,
+        id: usize,
+        mut buf: DirentBuf<&'buf mut [u8]>,
+        opaque_offset: u64,
+    ) -> Result<DirentBuf<&'buf mut [u8]>> {
+        let Handle::List(ns_access) = self.handles.get(&id).ok_or(Error::new(EBADF))? else {
+            return Err(Error::new(ENOTDIR));
+        };
+
+        if !ns_access.has_permission(NsPermissions::LIST) {
+            return Err(Error::new(EACCES));
+        }
+
+        let ns = ns_access.namespace.borrow();
+
+        let opaque_offset = opaque_offset as usize;
+        for (i, (name, _)) in ns.schemes.iter().enumerate().skip(opaque_offset) {
+            if name.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let Err(err) = buf.entry(DirEntry {
+                kind: DirentKind::Unspecified,
+                name: &name.clone(),
+                inode: 0,
+                next_opaque_id: i as u64 + 1,
+            }) {
+                if err.errno == EINVAL && i > opaque_offset {
+                    // POSIX allows partial result of getdents
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    return Err(err);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(buf)
+    }
+
+    fn fstat(&mut self, id: usize, stat: &mut Stat, _ctx: &CallerCtx) -> Result<()> {
+        let resource_stat = match self.handles.get(&id).ok_or(Error::new(EBADF))? {
+            Handle::List(_) => Stat {
+                st_mode: 0o444 | syscall::MODE_DIR,
+                st_uid: 0,
+                st_gid: 0,
+                st_size: 0,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            Handle::Access(_) | Handle::Register(_) => Stat {
+                st_mode: 0o666 | syscall::MODE_FILE,
+                st_uid: 0,
+                st_gid: 0,
+                st_size: 0,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        };
+        *stat = resource_stat;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+trait NumFromBytes: Sized + Debug {
+    fn from_le_bytes_slice(buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, Error>;
+}
+
+macro_rules! num_from_bytes_impl {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {
+        $(
+            impl NumFromBytes for $t {
+                fn from_le_bytes_slice(buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+                    let size = mem::size_of::<Self>();
+                    let buffer_slice = buffer.get(..size).and_then(|s| s.try_into().ok());
+
+                    if let Some(slice) = buffer_slice {
+                        Ok(Self::from_le_bytes(slice))
+                    } else {
+                        error!(
+                            "read_num: buffer is too short to read num of size {} (buffer len: {})",
+                            size, buffer.len()
+                        );
+                        Err(Error::new(EINVAL))
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    };
+}
+
+num_from_bytes_impl!(usize);
+
+fn read_num<T>(buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<T, Error>
+where
+    T: NumFromBytes,
+{
+    T::from_le_bytes_slice(buffer)
+}
+
+pub fn run(
+    sync_pipe: FdGuard,
+    socket: Socket,
+    schemes: HashMap<String, Arc<FdGuard>>,
+    scheme_creation_cap: FdGuard,
+) -> ! {
+    let mut state = SchemeState::new();
+    let mut scheme = NamespaceScheme::new(&socket, schemes, scheme_creation_cap);
+
+    // send namespace fd to bootstrap
+    let new_id = scheme.next_id;
+    scheme.add_namespace(new_id, scheme.root_namespace.clone(), NsPermissions::all());
+    scheme.next_id += 1;
+    let cap_fd = scheme
+        .socket
+        .create_this_scheme_fd(0, new_id, 0, 0)
+        .expect("nsmgr: failed to create namespace fd");
+    let _ = syscall::call_wo(
+        sync_pipe.as_raw_fd(),
+        &cap_fd.to_ne_bytes(),
+        CallFlags::FD,
+        &[],
+    );
+    drop(sync_pipe);
+
+    log::info!("bootstrap: namespace scheme start!");
+    loop {
+        let Some(req) = socket
+            .next_request(SignalBehavior::Restart)
+            .expect("bootstrap: failed to read scheme request from kernel")
+        else {
+            break;
+        };
+        match req.kind() {
+            RequestKind::Call(req) => {
+                let resp = req.handle_sync(&mut scheme, &mut state);
+
+                if !socket
+                    .write_response(resp, SignalBehavior::Restart)
+                    .expect("bootstrap: failed to write scheme response to kernel")
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            RequestKind::OnClose { id } => scheme.on_close(id),
+            RequestKind::SendFd(sendfd_request) => {
+                let result = scheme.on_sendfd(&sendfd_request);
+                let resp = Response::new(result, sendfd_request);
+                if !socket
+                    .write_response(resp, SignalBehavior::Restart)
+                    .expect("bootstrap: failed to write scheme response to kernel")
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            _ => (),
+        }
+    }
+
+    unreachable!()
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+#![allow(internal_features)]
+#![feature(core_intrinsics, str_from_raw_parts, never_type)]
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
+#[path = "aarch64.rs"]
+pub mod arch;
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "x86")]
+#[path = "i686.rs"]
+pub mod arch;
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
+#[path = "x86_64.rs"]
+pub mod arch;
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "riscv64")]
+#[path = "riscv64.rs"]
+pub mod arch;
+
+pub mod exec;
+pub mod initfs;
+pub mod initnsmgr;
+pub mod procmgr;
+pub mod start;
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+use core::cell::UnsafeCell;
+
+use alloc::collections::btree_map::BTreeMap;
+use redox_rt::proc::FdGuard;
+use syscall::data::Map;
+use syscall::data::{GlobalSchemes, KernelSchemeInfo};
+use syscall::flag::MapFlags;
+
+#[panic_handler]
+fn panic_handler(info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    use core::fmt::Write;
+
+    struct Writer;
+
+    impl Write for Writer {
+        fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> core::fmt::Result {
+            syscall::write(1, s.as_bytes())
+                .map_err(|_| core::fmt::Error)
+                .map(|_| ())
+        }
+    }
+
+    let _ = writeln!(&mut Writer, "{}", info);
+    core::intrinsics::abort();
+}
+
+const HEAP_OFF: usize = arch::USERMODE_END / 2;
+
+struct Allocator;
+#[global_allocator]
+static ALLOCATOR: Allocator = Allocator;
+
+struct AllocStateInner {
+    heap: Option<linked_list_allocator::Heap>,
+    heap_top: usize,
+}
+struct AllocState(UnsafeCell<AllocStateInner>);
+unsafe impl Send for AllocState {}
+unsafe impl Sync for AllocState {}
+static ALLOC_STATE: AllocState = AllocState(UnsafeCell::new(AllocStateInner {
+    heap: None,
+    heap_top: HEAP_OFF + SIZE,
+}));
+
+const SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+const HEAP_INCREASE_BY: usize = SIZE;
+
+unsafe impl alloc::alloc::GlobalAlloc for Allocator {
+    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: core::alloc::Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        let state = unsafe { &mut (*ALLOC_STATE.0.get()) };
+        let heap = state.heap.get_or_insert_with(|| {
+            state.heap_top = HEAP_OFF + SIZE;
+            let _ = unsafe {
+                syscall::fmap(
+                    !0,
+                    &Map {
+                        offset: 0,
+                        size: SIZE,
+                        address: HEAP_OFF,
+                        flags: MapFlags::PROT_WRITE
+                            | MapFlags::PROT_READ
+                            | MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE
+                            | MapFlags::MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE,
+                    },
+                )
+            }
+            .expect("failed to map initial heap");
+            unsafe { linked_list_allocator::Heap::new(HEAP_OFF as *mut u8, SIZE) }
+        });
+
+        match heap.allocate_first_fit(layout) {
+            Ok(p) => p.as_ptr(),
+            Err(_) => {
+                if layout.size() > HEAP_INCREASE_BY || layout.align() > 4096 {
+                    return core::ptr::null_mut();
+                }
+
+                let _ = unsafe {
+                    syscall::fmap(
+                        !0,
+                        &Map {
+                            offset: 0,
+                            size: HEAP_INCREASE_BY,
+                            address: state.heap_top,
+                            flags: MapFlags::PROT_WRITE
+                                | MapFlags::PROT_READ
+                                | MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE
+                                | MapFlags::MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE,
+                        },
+                    )
+                }
+                .expect("failed to extend heap");
+                unsafe { heap.extend(HEAP_INCREASE_BY) };
+                state.heap_top += HEAP_INCREASE_BY;
+
+                return unsafe { self.alloc(layout) };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: core::alloc::Layout) {
+        unsafe {
+            (&mut *ALLOC_STATE.0.get())
+                .heap
+                .as_mut()
+                .unwrap()
+                .deallocate(core::ptr::NonNull::new(ptr).unwrap(), layout)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct KernelSchemeMap(BTreeMap<GlobalSchemes, FdGuard>);
+impl KernelSchemeMap {
+    fn new(kernel_scheme_infos: &[KernelSchemeInfo]) -> Self {
+        let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
+        for info in kernel_scheme_infos {
+            if let Some(scheme_id) = GlobalSchemes::try_from_raw(info.scheme_id) {
+                map.insert(scheme_id, FdGuard::new(info.fd));
+            }
+        }
+        Self(map)
+    }
+    fn get(&self, scheme: GlobalSchemes) -> Option<&FdGuard> {
+        self.0.get(&scheme)
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+ENTRY(_start)
+OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf64-littleriscv)
+
+SECTIONS {
+  . = 4096 + 4096; /* Reserved for the null page and the initfs header prepended by redox-initfs-ar */
+  __initfs_header = . - 4096;
+  . += SIZEOF_HEADERS;
+  . = ALIGN(4096);
+
+  .text : {
+    __text_start = .;
+    *(.text*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __text_end = .;
+  }
+  .rodata : {
+    __rodata_start = .;
+    *(.rodata*)
+  }
+  .data.rel.ro : {
+    *(.data.rel.ro*)
+  }
+  .got : {
+    *(.got)
+  }
+  .got.plt : {
+    *(.got.plt)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __rodata_end = .;
+  }
+  .data : {
+    __data_start = .;
+    *(.data*)
+    *(.sdata*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __data_end = .;
+
+    __bss_start = .;
+    *(.bss*)
+    *(.sbss*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __bss_end = .;
+  }
+
+  /DISCARD/ : {
+      *(.comment*)
+      *(.eh_frame*)
+      *(.gcc_except_table*)
+      *(.note*)
+      *(.rel.eh_frame*)
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use core::mem;
+use syscall::{data::Map, flag::MapFlags, number::SYS_FMAP};
+
+const STACK_SIZE: usize = 64 * 1024; // 64 KiB
+pub const USERMODE_END: usize = 1 << 38; // Assuming Sv39
+pub const STACK_START: usize = USERMODE_END - syscall::KERNEL_METADATA_SIZE - STACK_SIZE;
+
+static MAP: Map = Map {
+    offset: 0,
+    size: STACK_SIZE,
+    flags: MapFlags::PROT_READ
+        .union(MapFlags::PROT_WRITE)
+        .union(MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE)
+        .union(MapFlags::MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE),
+    address: STACK_START, // highest possible user address
+};
+
+core::arch::global_asm!(
+    "
+    .globl _start
+_start:
+    # Setup a stack.
+    li a7, {number}
+    li a0, {fd}
+    la a1, {map} # pointer to Map struct
+    li a2, {map_size} # size of Map struct
+    ecall
+
+    # Test for success (nonzero value).
+    bne a0, x0, 2f
+    # (failure)
+    unimp
+2:
+    li sp, {stack_size}
+    add sp, sp, a0
+    mv fp, x0
+
+    jal start
+    # `start` must never return.
+    unimp
+    ",
+    fd = const usize::MAX, // dummy fd indicates anonymous map
+    map = sym MAP,
+    map_size = const mem::size_of::<Map>(),
+    number = const SYS_FMAP,
+    stack_size = const STACK_SIZE,
+);
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use syscall::flag::MapFlags;
+
+mod offsets {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
+        // text (R-X)
+        static __text_start: u8;
+        static __text_end: u8;
+        // rodata (R--)
+        static __rodata_start: u8;
+        static __rodata_end: u8;
+        // data+bss (RW-)
+        static __data_start: u8;
+        static __bss_end: u8;
+    }
+    pub fn text() -> (usize, usize) {
+        unsafe {
+            (
+                &__text_start as *const u8 as usize,
+                &__text_end as *const u8 as usize,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn rodata() -> (usize, usize) {
+        unsafe {
+            (
+                &__rodata_start as *const u8 as usize,
+                &__rodata_end as *const u8 as usize,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn data_and_bss() -> (usize, usize) {
+        unsafe {
+            (
+                &__data_start as *const u8 as usize,
+                &__bss_end as *const u8 as usize,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn start() -> ! {
+    // Remap self, from the previous RWX
+
+    let (text_start, text_end) = offsets::text();
+    let (rodata_start, rodata_end) = offsets::rodata();
+    let (data_start, data_end) = offsets::data_and_bss();
+
+    // NOTE: Assuming the debug scheme root fd is always placed at this position
+    let debug_fd = syscall::UPPER_FDTBL_TAG + syscall::data::GlobalSchemes::Debug as usize;
+    let _ = syscall::openat(debug_fd, "", syscall::O_RDONLY, 0); // stdin
+    let _ = syscall::openat(debug_fd, "", syscall::O_WRONLY, 0); // stdout
+    let _ = syscall::openat(debug_fd, "", syscall::O_WRONLY, 0); // stderr
+
+    unsafe {
+        let _ = syscall::mprotect(4096, 4096, MapFlags::PROT_READ | MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE)
+            .expect("mprotect failed for initfs header page");
+
+        let _ = syscall::mprotect(
+            text_start,
+            text_end - text_start,
+            MapFlags::PROT_READ | MapFlags::PROT_EXEC | MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE,
+        )
+        .expect("mprotect failed for .text");
+        let _ = syscall::mprotect(
+            rodata_start,
+            rodata_end - rodata_start,
+            MapFlags::PROT_READ | MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE,
+        )
+        .expect("mprotect failed for .rodata");
+        let _ = syscall::mprotect(
+            data_start,
+            data_end - data_start,
+            MapFlags::PROT_READ | MapFlags::PROT_WRITE | MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE,
+        )
+        .expect("mprotect failed for .data/.bss");
+        let _ = syscall::mprotect(
+            data_end,
+            crate::arch::STACK_START - data_end,
+            MapFlags::PROT_READ | MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE,
+        )
+        .expect("mprotect failed for rest of memory");
+    }
+
+    crate::exec::main();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+ENTRY(_start)
+OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf64-x86-64)
+
+SECTIONS {
+  . = 4096 + 4096; /* Reserved for the null page and the initfs header prepended by redox-initfs-ar */
+  __initfs_header = . - 4096;
+  . += SIZEOF_HEADERS;
+  . = ALIGN(4096);
+
+  .text : {
+    __text_start = .;
+    *(.text*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __text_end = .;
+  }
+  .rodata : {
+    __rodata_start = .;
+    *(.rodata*)
+  }
+  .data.rel.ro : {
+    *(.data.rel.ro*)
+  }
+  .got : {
+    *(.got)
+  }
+  .got.plt : {
+    *(.got.plt)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __rodata_end = .;
+  }
+  .data : {
+    __data_start = .;
+    *(.data*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __data_end = .;
+
+    *(.tbss*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    *(.tdata*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+
+    __bss_start = .;
+    *(.bss*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+    __bss_end = .;
+  }
+
+  /DISCARD/ : {
+      *(.comment*)
+      *(.eh_frame*)
+      *(.gcc_except_table*)
+      *(.note*)
+      *(.rel.eh_frame*)
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+use core::mem;
+use syscall::{data::Map, flag::MapFlags, number::SYS_FMAP};
+
+const STACK_SIZE: usize = 64 * 1024; // 64 KiB
+pub const USERMODE_END: usize = 0x0000_8000_0000_0000;
+pub const STACK_START: usize = USERMODE_END - syscall::KERNEL_METADATA_SIZE - STACK_SIZE;
+
+static MAP: Map = Map {
+    offset: 0,
+    size: STACK_SIZE,
+    flags: MapFlags::PROT_READ
+        .union(MapFlags::PROT_WRITE)
+        .union(MapFlags::MAP_PRIVATE)
+        .union(MapFlags::MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE),
+    address: STACK_START, // highest possible user address
+};
+
+core::arch::global_asm!(
+    "
+    .globl _start
+    _start:
+    # Setup a stack.
+    mov rax, {number}
+    mov rdi, {fd}
+    mov rsi, offset {map} # pointer to Map struct
+    mov rdx, {map_size} # size of Map struct
+    syscall
+
+    # Test for success (nonzero value).
+    cmp rax, 0
+    jg 1f
+    # (failure)
+    ud2
+    1:
+    # Subtract 16 since all instructions seem to hate non-canonical RSP values :)
+    lea rsp, [rax+{stack_size}-16]
+    mov rbp, rsp
+
+    # Stack has the same alignment as `size`.
+    call start
+    # `start` must never return.
+    ud2
+    ",
+    fd = const usize::MAX, // dummy fd indicates anonymous map
+    map = sym MAP,
+    map_size = const mem::size_of::<Map>(),
+    number = const SYS_FMAP,
+    stack_size = const STACK_SIZE,
+);